Dengue fever, often simply called Dengue, is one of the most widespread mosquito-borne viral infections in the world today. It poses a serious health risk to millions of people, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than 390 million dengue infections occur globally each year, making it a pressing public health concern.
This article explores everything you need to know about dengue, including its causes, symptoms, transmission, diagnosis, treatment, preventive measures, and frequently asked questions.
What is Dengue?
Dengue is a viral infection transmitted primarily through the bite of infected female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, and less commonly through Aedes albopictus. The infection can cause flu-like symptoms, but in severe cases, it may progress to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) or Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS), which can be life-threatening if untreated.
There are four distinct dengue viruses (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4). A person can be infected with each virus separately during their lifetime. Infection with one type usually provides lifelong immunity against that specific type but not against the others.
Causes and Transmission of Dengue
The Dengue Virus
Dengue is caused by a Flavivirus.
The four serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4) are closely related but distinct enough that immunity to one does not protect against the others.
Transmission Cycle
An Aedes mosquito bites a person already infected with dengue virus.
The virus replicates in the mosquito.
When the mosquito bites another person, the virus is transmitted into their bloodstream.
The infection spreads, leading to symptoms after the incubation period.
Key Transmission Facts
- Dengue is not spread directly from person to person.
- It requires a mosquito vector for transmission.
- In rare cases, dengue can spread through blood transfusions, organ transplants, or from a pregnant mother to her baby.
Symptoms of Dengue
Symptoms usually appear 4 to 10 days after infection and may last for 2 to 7 days.
Common Symptoms
- High fever (104°F / 40°C)
- Severe headache
- Pain behind the eyes
- Muscle and joint pain (“breakbone fever”)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Skin rash (appears 2–5 days after fever)
- Mild bleeding (nose, gums, or easy bruising)
Severe Dengue (DHF and DSS)
Severe dengue is life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention. Warning signs include:
- Severe abdominal pain
- Persistent vomiting
- Rapid breathing
- Bleeding gums or nosebleeds
- Fatigue and restlessness
- Blood in stool or vomit
- Organ impairment
Stages of Dengue Infection
Dengue infection progresses through three main stages:
1. Febrile Phase
- Lasts 2–7 days
- Sudden high fever, body pain, and rash
- Dehydration risk is high
2. Critical Phase
- Lasts 24–48 hours
- Plasma leakage may occur, leading to shock or organ failure
- Requires hospitalization in severe cases
3. Recovery Phase
- Fluid reabsorption begins
- Gradual improvement in symptoms
- Close monitoring is needed to avoid complications
Diagnosis of Dengue
Early and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment.
Diagnostic Methods
- Clinical Diagnosis – Based on symptoms and patient history (fever, travel to affected area).
- Laboratory Tests:
- NS1 Antigen Test: Detects dengue virus proteins early in infection.
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Confirms viral RNA.
- IgM/IgG Antibody Tests: Detect immune response.
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): Low platelet count and white blood cell changes indicate dengue.
Treatment of Dengue
Currently, there is no specific antiviral treatment for dengues. Care focuses on managing symptoms and preventing complications.
General Treatment Approaches
- Hydration: Drinking fluids to prevent dehydration.
- Fever Control: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is recommended. Avoid aspirin or ibuprofen as they increase bleeding risk.
- Rest: Adequate rest to help recovery.
Hospitalization Needed If:
- Severe abdominal pain or vomiting occurs.
- Signs of bleeding are present.
- Sudden drop in platelet count is observed.
- Difficulty in breathing or shock develops.
Supportive Care in Severe Cases
- Intravenous (IV) fluids
- Blood transfusions in case of severe bleeding
- Oxygen therapy for respiratory issues
Prevention of Dengue
Since there is no universal cure or widely available vaccine, prevention is the most effective defense.
Preventing Mosquito Bites
- Use mosquito repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or IR3535.
- Wear long-sleeved clothing.
- Use mosquito nets, especially in high-risk areas.
- Install window and door screens.
Controlling Mosquito Breeding
- Eliminate standing water (flowerpots, buckets, tires, gutters).
- Clean and cover water storage containers.
- Use larvicides where necessary.
Community-Level Prevention
- Public health campaigns to raise awareness.
- Fogging and insecticide spraying during outbreaks.
- Community cleanup drives.
The Dengue Vaccine
A vaccine known as Dengvaxia (CYD-TDV) has been approved in some countries for people aged 9 to 45 years who have already had a prior dengues infection.
Key Points About Dengvaxia
- It is not suitable for individuals who have never been infected before (risk of severe dengues if infected later).
- Recommended only in dengue-endemic regions.
- Ongoing research is focused on developing universal dengues vaccines.
Global Impact of Dengue
- Dengues is now endemic in more than 100 countries.
- The highest burden is found in Asia, Latin America, and Africa.
- Urbanization, climate change, and poor sanitation contribute to denguespread.
Economic Burden
- Costs related to hospitalization, lost workdays, and preventive measures are significant.
- Dengues outbreaks can strain healthcare systems in developing nations.
Dengue in Pakistan, India, and Southeast Asia
Dengue is a major health concern in South Asia. Countries like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka report thousands of cases annually.
Seasonal Outbreaks
- Common during the monsoon season (June–September) due to standing water.
- Poor drainage and urban overcrowding worsen the problem.
Government Efforts
- Awareness campaigns
- Fumigation drives
- Establishment of dengue diagnostic centers
Myths and Misconceptions About Dengue
Myth 1: Dengue spreads directly from person to person
Fact: Dengue requires a mosquito vector for transmission.
Myth 2: Eating papaya leaves is a cure for dengue
Fact: Papaya leaves may help improve platelet counts in some cases, but they are not a proven cure.
Myth 3: Dengue only occurs in dirty places
Fact: Aedes mosquitoes breed in clean standing water, not just dirty water.
How to Protect Yourself and Your Family from Dengue
At Home
Keep water containers covered.
Use mosquito repellents regularly.
Install mosquito nets on windows and beds.
At School or Workplace
Encourage mosquito awareness programs.
Report standing water near buildings.
While Traveling
Carry insect repellent.
Choose accommodations with air conditioning and screened windows.
Conclusion
Dengue is one of the fastest-growing mosquito-borne diseases in the world. While most infections are mild, severe cases can be fatal if left untreated. The lack of a universal cure and limited vaccine availability make prevention the most effective weapon against dengues. By combining personal protection, community awareness, and government efforts, we can significantly reduce the spread of this disease.
(FAQs)
What is the first sign of dengue fever?
The first sign is usually a sudden high fever, often accompanied by severe headache and body pain.
How many days does dengue last?
Dengue typically lasts 7 to 10 days, though fatigue and weakness may persist for weeks.
Can dengue be cured?
There is no specific cure, but with proper treatment and care, most patients recover fully.
How can I increase platelets naturally during dengue?
Eating papaya leaf extract, kiwi, pomegranate, and vitamin C-rich foods may help improve platelet count, but these should be used alongside medical care.
Can dengue kill you?
Yes, severe dengue (DHF or DSS) can be fatal if not treated promptly.
